A powerful independent force determining both international economic and political affairs. Gilpin argues that MNCs are a firm from a particular nation with partially or wholly owned subsidiaries within at least one other national economy. At first MNCs were interested in primary industries such as agriculture and extractive sector, but from the early 21th century they tend to operate across transnational business pursuing a corporate globalization. Good effects of MNCs are that they offer higher wages, more job opportunities with higher labor standard and inflow of capital and technology, while large MNCs can be a threat and exploit and subjugate smaller groups and companies of disadvantaged countries.