- Industry: Art history
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Term used to describe the culture of the reign of James I (reigned 1603-25) particularly theatre (and even furniture) as well as painting. Great Elizabethan miniaturist Hilliard continues but succeeded in royal favour by Oliver. Similarly Gheeraerts flourished but overtaken by more sophisticated naturalism of Dutch-born Van Somer and then Mytens (pronounced mittens) from about 1616.
Industry:Art history
Gli Happenings furono degli eventi teatrali creati da artisti, in principio in America, alla fine degli anni '50 e gli inizi degli anni '60. Furono precursori della Performance art e a loro volta presero spunto dagli elementi di stampo teatrale di Dada e del Surrealismo. Il nome fu usato per la prima volta dall'artista americano Allan Kaprow nel titolo della sua opera del 1959 18 happenings in 6 parts ( 18 heppenings in 6 parti) che ebbe luogo in 6 giorni, dal 4 al 10 di ottobre 1959 alla Reuben Gallery,New York. Gli Happenings solitamente hanno luogo all'interno di un ambientazione o installazione creati nella galleria e conivolgono luci, suoni, diapositive e la partecipazione dello spettatore. Altri notevoli creatori di Happenings furono Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms e Robert Whitman. Gli Happenings ebbero una grande diffusione nel corso degli anni'60, ma lasciarono il posto alla Performance art in cui il punto di interesse era incentrato sempre di più su ciò che faceva l'artista. Un resoconto dettagliato dei primi Happenings si trova nel libro del 1956, scritto da Michael Kirby, Happenings.Il ciclo di stampe del 1960 di Jim Dine intitolate The Crash si riferiscono ai disegni che fecero da base per il suo Happening del 1960 The Car Crash.
Industry:Art history
Essentially a unique variant of a conventional print. An impression is printed from a reprintable block, such as an etched plate or woodblock, but in such a way that only one of its kind exists, for example by incorporating unique hand-colouring or collage. The term can also refer to etchings which are inked and wiped in an expressive, not precisely repeatable manner; to prints made from a variety of printing elements that change from one impression to the next; or to prints that are painted or otherwise reworked by hand either before or after printing.
Industry:Art history
A recurring fragment, theme or pattern that appears in a work of art. In the past this was commonly associated with Islamic designs, but it also alludes to a theme or symbol that returns time and again, like the noose and the cigarette in the paintings of American figurative painter Philip Guston, or a pattern, like the abstract drawings of the mid-twentieth-century abstract painter Victor Pasmore. The video artist Bill Viola often uses the motif of water to represent birth and death, as exemplified in his multi-video installation Five Angels for the Millennium. Motif can also refer to the subject of the artwork. The phrase 'to paint from the motif' arose in the context of Impressionism, meaning to paint on the spot.
Industry:Art history
Art made according to the teachings of an art academy. In the nineteenth century the art academies of Europe became extremely conservative, resisting change and innovation. They came to be opposed to the avant-garde and to modern art generally. The term academic has thus come to mean conservative forms of art that ignore the innovations of modernism.
Industry:Art history
Term applied to new forms of abstract art developed by American painters in 1940s and 1950s. The Abstract Expressionists were mostly based in New York City, and also became known as the New York School. The name evokes their aim to make art that while abstract was also expressive or emotional in its effect. They were inspired by the Surrealist idea that art should come from the unconscious mind, and by the automatism of Miró. Within Abstract Expressionism were two broad groupings. These were the so-called action painters led by Pollock and De Kooning, and the colour-field painters, notably Rothko, Newman and Still. The action painters worked in a spontaneous improvisatory manner often using large brushes to make sweeping gestural marks. Pollock famously placed his canvas on the ground and danced around it pouring paint direct from the can or trailing it from the brush or a stick. In this way they directly placed their inner impulses on the canvas. The colour field painters were deeply interested in religion and myth. They created simple compositions with large areas of a single colour intended to produce a contemplative or meditational response in the viewer.
Industry:Art history
The word abstract strictly speaking means to separate or withdraw something from something else. In that sense applies to art in which the artist has started with some visible object and abstracted elements from it to arrive at a more or less simplified or schematised form. Term also applied to art using forms that have no source at all in external reality. These forms are often, but not necessarily, geometric. Some artists of this tendency have preferred terms such as Concrete art or non-objective art, but in practice the word abstract is used across the board and the distinction between the two is anyway not always obvious. A cluster of theoretical ideas lies behind abstract art. The idea of art for art's sake—that art should be purely about the creation of beautiful effects. The idea that art can or should be like music—that just as music is patterns of sound, art's effects should be created by pure patterns of form, colour and line. The idea, derived from the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, that the highest form of beauty lies not in the forms of the real world but in geometry. The idea that abstract art, to the extent that it does not represent the material world, can be seen to represent the spiritual. In general abstract art is seen as carrying a moral dimension, in that it can be seen to stand for virtues such as order, purity, simplicity and spirituality. Pioneers of abstract painting were Kandinsky, Malevich and Mondrian from about 1910-20. A pioneer of abstract sculpture was the Russian Constructivist Naum Gabo. Since then abstract art has formed a central stream of modern art.
Industry:Art history
The Académie Julian was an art school in Paris, France, established in 1868 by Rodolphe Julian. It became a major alternative training centre to the official Ecole des beaux arts, especially for women who were not admitted to the Beaux arts until 1897. At the Julian women were also permitted to draw from the nude male model. In 1888-9 Pierre Bonnard and Eduard Vuillard were students there and together with some others formed the Symbolist group the Nabis. The Académie Julian was popular with foreign art students and many leading modern artists spent time there.
Industry:Art history
Art school in Paris, France, established in the nineteenth century as an alternative to the official Ecole des Beaux Arts. Comparable to and slightly less famous rival of the Académie Julian. Like the Julian, the Colarossi admitted women and allowed them to draw from the nude male model. Artists represented in the Tate Collection who attended include John Banting, William Gear, George Grosz, Elsie Henderson, Hans Hofmann, Samuel Peploe.
Industry:Art history
A fake or forgery is a copy of a work of art, or a work of art in the style of a particular artist, that has been produced with the intention to deceive. The most infamous forger of the twentieth century was the Dutch painter Han Van Meegren who made a number of paintings purporting to be by Jan Vermeer. (see also Replica)
Industry:Art history
