- Industry: Printing & publishing
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Routledge is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the humanities and social sciences.
(1903 – 1987) Pathbreaking writer and public servant. Although born near poverty she worked her way up through Vogue and Vanity Fair to marry Time magnate Henry Luce before producing her wonderfully catty play, The Women (1936), about gender and society In the 1940s, she became a congresswoman from Connecticut. Later, she became the first woman ambassador to a major European country serving in Italy between 1953 and 1957, perhaps as a nod to her highly publicized 1946 conversion to Catholicism. Luce continued to serve as advisor to Republican presidents for decades.
Industry:Culture
(1903 – 1992) Lawrence Welk, known for his “champagne” music complete with large bubbles dancing about the set, began with his traveling orchestra hosting dance parties in ballrooms of the Midwest. After twenty-six years of these shows, often broadcasted on radio, he moved to local television in 1951 and national television in 1955, where he ran until 1972 (and then moved into syndication). Often thought of as a favorite of the bluehaired set, this upbeat show featured an orchestra that was able to shift from waltz to polka to a fox trot in rapid succession, keeping at-home dancers on their toes. Welk had on offbeat, unlikely charm, which kept him as a favorite in front of cameras.
Industry:Culture
(1903 – 1998) Pediatrician to the baby boomers. Spock’s Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (first published in 1946 but undergoing multiple revisions and new editions thereafter) revolutionized childcare for postwar America. He promoted warmth, creativity and respect for the child’s individuality rather than discipline and distance (although later physicians and parents have challenged his ideas, ranging from guidance to nutrition). In the 1960s, Spock also became a leader in the anti-Vietnam War movement so many of his “children” had embraced; in 1972 he became the presidential candidate of the People’s Party.
Industry:Culture
(1904 – 1971) African American diplomat. Ralph Bunche developed an internationalist’s vision during his undergraduate study at UCLA. A gifted intellectual, Bunche attended Harvard for graduate work in political science and prior to the Second World War taught at Howard University made an extensive tour of Africa and provided vital input to Gunnar Myrdal’s study of American race issues. The war propelled Bunche into international diplomatic service at the United Nations, where he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950 for brokering a Middle East peace agreement. At the UN Secretariat until 1971, Bunche sought to end colonialism and worked closely with all UN Secretary Generals, particularly Dag Hammarskjöld. President John F. Kennedy later awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Industry:Culture
(1904 – 1977) Glamour, ambition and drive crystallized a star quality around Crawford that carried her through decades of success, although the off-screen cost of these qualities pervaded a muckraking biography (Mommie Dearest, 1978) and a highly stylized film biography in which Faye Dunaway portrayed her as a consummate monster (1981). Yet Crawford on screen often moved outside the comfort zone of gender stereotypes, whether in her wild roles in the 1920s or her working-girl personae of the 1930s. Crawford reinvented herself as the suffering mother in Mildred Pierce (1945) and later as a harridan opposite Bette Davis in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1974). Her vivid image has lived beyond her both in the impact of her films as a chronicle of women and imagery and in the destruction of that star figure through Mommie Dearest.
Industry:Culture
(1905 – 1995) Educator and statesman, Fulbright was president of the University of Arkansas before being elected to the Senate in 1945. He soon established the government-funded international program for the exchange of students and professors that bears his name.
For three decades, Fulbright, who headed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, was also a beacon for globalism and critical thinking in foreign affairs. In the 1950s, he opposed McCarthyism and, in the 1960s, also came to oppose the war in Vietnam.
Among his thoughtprovoking writings are The Arrogance of Power (1967) and The Pentagon Propaganda Machine (1970).
Industry:Culture
(born 1906) A major figure in the American art and architecture communities in the twentieth century Johnson studied with German Walter Gropius at Harvard, was instrumental in promoting modern architecture in the United States and is credited with inventing the term “International Style.” Still practicing at his ninetieth birthday Johnson has been called an architectural “chameleon,” as his projects have shifted from International Style modernism to neoclassicism, postmodernism, even expressionism. Among Johnson’s more notable buildings are his Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, and Lincoln Center, the AT&T Building and the pinkglazed “lipstick building” in New York.
Industry:Culture
(born 1906) Director and screenwriter. Nazis forced Wilder to abandon his native Austria in 1933.
In the US, he became a remarkably insightful auteur into American relationships. His career as director and collaborative screenwriter included classics in noir (Double Indemnity, 1944), gender farce (Some Like it Hot, 1959) and savage depictions of media frenzies (The Big Carnival, 1951). In Lost Weekend (Oscar, 1945), Wilder also won Oscars for directing and shared screenwriting, a feat repeated with the The Apartment (1961). He shared another screenwriting Oscar for his Sunset Boulevard (1950), a haunting portrait of lost Hollywood.
Industry:Culture
(1906 – 1987) Although he began as an actor and screenwriter, Huston’s legendary presence as a director of films about loners and dark struggles overshadows these achievements (and a series of cinematic failures as well). His first picture, The Maltese Falcon (1941) captured the ambience of the American anti-hero, which he developed in subsequent films with Humphrey Bogart, including Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948, Oscar for Best Director and Best Screenplay), Key Largo (1948) and The African Queen (1951).
His opposition to HUAC activities in Hollywood eventually led him to live in Ireland, whose culture he explored in his last movie, The Dead (1988). Other landmarks include the Asphalt Jungle (1950), Wise Blood (1979), where he also turns in a haunting performance and Prizzi’s Honor (1987). Huston also belonged to an American film dynasty: his father Walter (1884–1950) won an Oscar for his work in Treasure of the Sierra Madre; daughter Anjelica (1952–) won an Academy Award for Prizzi’s Honor and sons Tony and Danny have also been involved with film.
Industry:Culture
(born 1907) Female actor. A patrician presence of New England heritage on stage and screen.
From A Bill of Divorcement (1932) onwards, Hepburn’s intellectual style and range won her four Oscars, as well as eight other nominations. Several of her roles shaped views of the upper class and profes-sional women—in Philadelphia Story (1940) or five movies with her lover Spencer Tracy whose gender balancing and sparkling dialogue set high standards. As she aged, Hepburn explored a variety of new personae in The African Queen (1951), with Humphrey Bogart, the western Rooster Cogburn (1976) and the autumnal On Golden Pond (1981).
Industry:Culture
