Direct action on political issues through popular vote, either by legislative or statutory demand or as a result of citizen petition. Control on legislative activity through referenda has been especially strong in Western states and in cities; there are no equivalent federal redresses. Referenda commonly cover major bond, taxation and expenditure issues as well as structural changes in government. Divisive issues like statewide gambling may also be put to a popular vote. As citizen actions, however, they have embraced topics as diverse as controls on re-election, immigrant rights, property taxes and the use of medical marijuana.