a) European video standard with image format 4:3 aspect ratio, 625 lines, 50 Hz and 4 MHz video bandwidth with a total 8 MHz of video channel width. PAL uses YUV; The Y component represents Luminance, the U component represents B-Y, The V component represents R-Y. The V component of burst is inverted in phase from one line to the next in order to minimize hue errors that may occur in color transmission. b) The color television transmission standard used in Europe and other parts of the world. This standard uses a subcarrier which is alternated 90 degrees in phase from one line to the next to minimize hue errors in color transmission. PAL-I uses a 4.43361875 subcarrier. A single frame (picture) in this standard consists of 625 scanning lines. One frame is produced every 1/25 of a second. PAL-M uses a 3.57561149 MHz subcarrier and 525 scanning lines. One frame is produced every 1/30 of a second. c) The television and video standard in use in most of Europe.

Consists of 625 horizontal lines at a field rate of 50 fields per second. (Two fields equals one complete frame.) Only 576 of these lines are used for picture. The rest are used for sync or extra information such as VITC and Closed Captioning.