"Township and village enterprises"(TVEs) is a term that describes businesses either controlled by township and villages or located in townships and villages. In the 1980s and the early part of the 1990s, rural entrepreneurs created the miracle growth of what came to be known as TVEs. The role of public ownership of TVEs is in conjunction the same side with the interests of the central and local governments plus the prevention of private enterprises taking benefit from public assets. There are collective TVEs and private TVEs; the former are mainly concentrated in a few rich and coastal provinces, whereas the latter that outnumber the former though have been declining in number after the Tiananmen effect. The rural financing constraints facing TVEs in the 1990s shift the economic gravity from TVEs (domestic) to the export-oriented industries (global) in the coastal regions of the country.