(1941 – 1998) Stokely Carmichael was best known for his involvement in the civil-rights movement in the 1960s. In 1966 Carmichael was elected president of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), an organization developed in 1960 and a leading group in the new Civil Rights movement. Carmichael brought a new brand of leadership to SNCC, one that rejected integrationism, focused on the political and economic independence of the black community and turned attention towards the issue of black self-esteem. Though controversial for his views on violent resistance as well as his dismissal of women within SNCC, Carmichael was pivotal for his innovative and critical contributions to civil rights. After 1969, he lived in Guinea with his wife, folksinger Miriam Makeba. In 1978, he took the new name Kwame Touré, honoring Kwame Nkrumah and Sekou Touré.