(born 1921) Bookchin, an anarchist ecologist, worked through various leftist movements before finding the libertarian viewpoint most useful in critiquing American growth and proposing ecologically sensitive and just alternatives. The synthesis of anarchism and ecology which he has expounded since the 1950s has become known as social ecology; Bookchin founded and ran an institute of that name in Vermont. He argues that decentralization, community and absence of hierarchy are intrinsic to issues of energy management and environmental balance. Throughout his life, Bookchin also has been an activist in social movements and Green issues. Major works include Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971), The Ecology of Freedom (1982), From Urbanization to Cities (1995) and The Third Revolution (1996).