Anabolic steroids, artificial synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone, promote the growth of muscle tissue, increase overall body strength and improve athletes’ recovery time to facilitate intense training regimens, while adversely affecting the liver and both the cardiovascular and reproductive systems. Limitations in testing equipment account for the failure to detect the drug at major sporting events, along with competitors’ efforts to evade detection, timing their dosages to avoid testing positive, or substituting urine samples by various clandestine methods (many of which were graphically depicted in the movie The Program, 1993, about a university football program). The requirement in American football that players bulk up has made this a sport in which the use of bodybuilding drugs is endemic.