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restrictive covenants

Privately negotiated written agreements, which are binding on succeeding property owners, imposing limitations on the use and ownership of real property. Pre-dating governmental zoning and land-use controls, they created privately enforceable rights involving such benign matters as offensive businesses and design aesthetics. Racially restrictive covenants, limiting property ownership to Caucasians, were widespread, including their use in the original Levittown. In Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) the Supreme Court held the enforcement of racially restrictive covenants by state courts unconstitutional. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 further prohibited racial discrimination in the sale, rental and advertisement of housing.

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