Identity-proofing services, which verify people’s identities before the enterprise issues them accounts and credentials, are based on “life history” or transaction information aggregated from public and proprietary data sources. These services are also used as an additional interactive user authentication method, especially for risky transactions, such as accessing sensitive confidential information or transferring funds to external accounts. Identity-proofing services are typically used when accounts are provisioned over the Web or in a call center. However, they can also be used in face-to-face interactions.