(1895 – 1990) Born and educated in New York City, Lewis Mumford became a prominent American intellectual and authority on urban planning after the Second World War, writing multiple volumes and articles in journals like the New Yorker on cities and landscape. His most notable work, The City in History (1961), provided a bleak image of dehumanizing and dysfunctional modern cities. Appearing at the height of the migration of many Americans from cities to suburbs, the work rationalized increased suburbanization, even while it recognized the continued decimation of the cities caused by the migration of Americans to the suburbs.