- Industry: Art history
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Имя, данное на работу группы скульпторов, выявленные критик Эдмунд Gosse в 1876 статьи в журнале искусства под названием «Новая скульптура». Отличительные качества были новый динамизм и энергии, а также физические реализма, мифологические или экзотические предмета и использование символики, в отличие от преобладающих стиль замороженных нео-классицизма. Можно считать частью символики. Основной работы рассматривалось Gosse как Лейтон спортсмен, борьба с питоном, но ключевые художник был Альфред Гилберт следуют Джордж Фрэмптон. Важный прекурсор был Michelangelesque работе Альфред Стивенс.
Industry:Art history
Основанная в Лондоне в 1886 году как участниц общества художников, под влиянием импрессионизма и работа которого была отклонена консервативной Королевской академии. Основные ранние члены были Уистлер (хотя он вскоре ушел в отставку) Сикерта и стир. Другие в первом показывают, включены Клаузен, Stanhope Форбс и Сарджент. Первоначально авангарда NEAC быстро стала более консервативной и Сикерта и поворотом сформировали «импрессионистов ядро» внутри него, постановка их собственных шоу Лондон импрессионистов в 1889 году. NEAC оставался важным как витрина для продвинутых искусства вплоть до 1911 года, когда оспаривается Camden Town группы и Лондонской группы и продолжал быть влиятельным в 1920-х с такими артистами как Огастес Джон и Стэнли Спенсер экспонирования. Он по-прежнему существует, теперь сохранение импрессионистической традиции.
Industry:Art history
Новое поколение был заголовок, используемый для серии выставок живописи и скульптуры молодых британских художников, состоявшейся в начале 1960-х годов в галерее Whitechapel в Лондоне. В 1965 году шоу была посвящена скульптура и привлечь внимание широкой общественности работы Phillip King, вместе с Аннесли Дэвид, Майкл болюс, Тим Скотт, Уильям Такер и Исаак Уиткин. Все эти художники учили Энтони Каро в St Martins школа искусств в Лондоне и иногда называют школа Каро, а также скульпторы нового поколения. В 1960 году Каро разработали совершенно новую форму абстрактной скульптуры с использованием стальных балок, листов и труб, сварные и болтами вместе и окрашены в яркие цвета промышленных. Кинг и другие вскоре разработали свои собственные работы, изучения базовой лексики скульптурные формы и Кроме того с помощью таких материалов, как пластмассы и стеклопластика. Новое поколение скульптура стала крупным явлением британского искусства в 1960-х.
Industry:Art history
This term seems to have come into use in the 1940s to describe the artists of the intensely creative and innovative New York art scene that was giving birth to the radical and world conquering new style of painting that in the early 1950s became known as Abstract Expressionism. The two terms are effectively interchangeable, that is the artists of the New York School are the Abstract Expressionists. New York School has echoes of School of Paris and may also be seen to reflect the notion that after the Second World War, New York took over from Paris as the world centre for innovation in modern art.
Industry:Art history
French movement (meaning new realism) founded in 1960 by the critic Pierre Restany. It was the focus for developments which can be seen as the European counterpart to Pop art. As well as painting, Nouveau Réalistes made extensive use of collage and assemblage, using real objects incorporated directly into the work and acknowledging a debt to the readymades of Marcel Duchamp. The leading exponents of this aspect were Arman, César, Christo, Tinguely and Daniel Spoerri. Raymond Hains, Mimmo Rotella, Jacques Mahé de la Villeglé and Wolf Vostell developed the décollage, or torn poster technique, making striking works from accumulated layers of posters they removed from advertising hoardings. Among the painters were Valerio Adami, Alain Jacquet, Martial Raysse (who also made notable installations) and the German, Gerhard Richter, who named his work Capitalist Realism. One of the most significant artists associated with Nouveau Réalisme was Yves Klein who died prematurely in 1962. He was enormously inventive in his short career, staging Happenings and carrying out early examples of Performance art using his own body, and anticipating Conceptual art as well as making remarkable paintings.
Industry:Art history
A dispersion of pigments in a drying oil that forms a tough, coloured film on exposure to air. The drying oil is a vegetable oil, often made by crushing nuts or seeds. For paints, linseed oil is most commonly used, but poppy, sunflower, safflower, soya bean and walnut oils have also been used. Drying oils initially cure through oxidation leading to cross linking of the molecular chains; this is a slow process affected by film thickness and paint components. Artists have used turpentine or mineral spirits to dilute oil paint. A heavily diluted layer dries relatively quickly, being tack-free in a few days. Thicker layers, containing more oil, take longer. Oil paint continues to dry, getting harder with age over many decades. Pigments and extenders will also affect the rate of drying, so different colours may dry at different speeds.
Industry:Art history
Powdered pigments mixed with a small amount of binding medium to produce dry coloured sticks. Chalk can be added to soften intense pigments and to obtain a range of hues.
Industry:Art history
Historically, drawings have been made by applying ink with a quill pen made by cutting the hollow stem of a large feather, from a bird such as a goose or a swan, to create a nib. Hollow reeds were also cut in the same way and used for writing and drawing. Metal pens succeeded the quill during the nineteenth century. Pen and ink is often used in conjunction with other techniques such as washes. (See also Ink. )
Industry:Art history
A pendant picture is one of two pictures designed to hang together as a matching pair. Pendant means hanging, and the term seems to originate in the idea of one hanging from the other—i. E. Attached to the other. In practice pendant pairs of pictures were usually displayed on either side of a fireplace, or even a door. They are usually the same size and of subjects that are basically similar but differ in detail. Pendant pairs are often husband and wife portraits. Pendant pairs were not always conceived as such—buyers of a one-off picture would sometimes ask the artist to paint a pendant.
Industry:Art history
Art in which the medium is the artist's own body and the artwork takes the form of actions performed by the artist. Performance art has origins in Futurism and Dada, but became a major phenomenon in the 1960s and 1970s and can be seen as a branch of Conceptual art. In Germany and Austria it was known as Actionism. An important influence on the emergence of Performance was the photographs of the Abstract Expressionist painter Jackson Pollock making his so-called action paintings, taken in 1950 by the photographer Hans Namuth. Performance art had its immediate origins in the more overtly theatrical Happenings organised by Allan Kaprow and others in New York in the late 1950s. By the mid 1960s this theatrical element was being stripped out by early Performance artists such as Vito Acconci and Bruce Nauman. In Europe the German artist Joseph Beuys was a hugely influential pioneer of Performance art, making a wide impact with his 'actions' from 1963 on. These were powerful expressions of the pain of human existence, and complex allegories of social and political issues and man's relationship to nature. In Britain the artist duo Gilbert & George made highly original Performance works from 1969. A major problem for early Performance artists was the ephemeral nature of the medium. Right from the start performance pieces were recorded in photography, film and video, and these eventually became the primary means by which Performance reached a wide public.
Industry:Art history
